Free Cash Flow
The cash a business generates after funding its operations and capital spending — the cash truly available to owners.
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Economic Moats: Competitive Advantage
The qualitative heart of fundamental analysis: what protects a great company's high returns from competition. The concept of the economic moat, why competition erodes excess profits, the five main sources of durable advantage, how to spot a moat in the numbers, and why no moat lasts forever.
Financial Health & Debt
A profitable company can still go bust if it cannot pay its debts. How to judge financial health: the difference between liquidity and solvency, the leverage ratios (debt-to-equity, net debt to EBITDA), interest coverage, why debt is a double-edged sword, and the warning signs of a fragile balance sheet.
Earnings Reports & Guidance
Where fundamentals meet the market: the periodic reports in which companies reveal their results and their outlook. What an earnings report contains, the crucial truth that the stock reacts to results versus expectations (not absolute numbers), why guidance often matters most, how to read beyond the headline, and the volatility earnings bring.
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